Turkish History & the Republic · Localized research brief (not an unabridged translation)
Battle of Sakarya: Historical Overview
Publication date: 2026-10-23 · Last updated: 2026-10-23
The fighting of 23 August–13 September 1921, its context and primary sources.
After the Kütahya–Eskişehir battles, Turkish forces prepared defenses east of the Sakarya River. Mustafa Kemal Paşa assumed command and the National Obligations Orders supported military supplies. The battle ended with Greek forces withdrawing; its military and diplomatic context deserves study.
Localized research brief (not an unabridged translation). For the full source text, see the original Turkish article. Full Turkish original ↗
Primary sources / references
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